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Documents authored by Skrzypczak, Michal

Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2018.140
Unambiguous Languages Exhaust the Index Hierarchy

Authors: Michal Skrzypczak

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 107, 45th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2018)

Abstract
This work is a study of the expressive power of unambiguity in the case of automata over infinite trees. An automaton is called unambiguous if it has at most one accepting run on every input, the language of such an automaton is called an unambiguous language. It is known that not every regular language of infinite trees is unambiguous. Except that, very little is known about which regular tree languages are unambiguous. This paper answers the question whether unambiguous languages are of bounded complexity among all regular tree languages. The notion of complexity is the canonical one, called the (parity or Rabin/Mostowski) index hierarchy. The answer is negative, as exhibited by a family of examples of unambiguous languages the cannot be recognised by any alternating parity tree automata of bounded range of priorities. Hardness of the examples is based on the theory of signatures, previously studied by Walukiewicz. The technical core of the article is a definition of the canonical signatures together with a parity game that compares signatures of a given pair of parity games (of the same index).
Cite as

Michal Skrzypczak. Unambiguous Languages Exhaust the Index Hierarchy. In 45th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 107, pp. 140:1-140:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)

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@InProceedings{skrzypczak:LIPIcs.ICALP.2018.140,
  author =	{Skrzypczak, Michal},
  title =	{{Unambiguous Languages Exhaust the Index Hierarchy}},
  booktitle =	{45th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2018)},
  pages =	{140:1--140:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-076-7},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2018},
  volume =	{107},
  editor =	{Chatzigiannakis, Ioannis and Kaklamanis, Christos and Marx, D\'{a}niel and Sannella, Donald},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2018.140},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-91442},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2018.140},
  annote =	{Keywords: unambiguous automata, parity games, infinite trees, index hierarchy}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2017.18
How Deterministic are Good-For-Games Automata?

Authors: Udi Boker, Orna Kupferman, and Michal Skrzypczak

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 93, 37th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2017)

Abstract
In good for games (GFG) automata, it is possible to resolve nondeterminism in a way that only depends on the past and still accepts all the words in the language. The motivation for GFG automata comes from their adequacy for games and synthesis, wherein general nondeterminism is inappropriate. We continue the ongoing effort of studying the power of nondeterminism in GFG automata. Initial indications have hinted that every GFG automaton embodies a deterministic one. Today we know that this is not the case, and in fact GFG automata may be exponentially more succinct than deterministic ones. We focus on the typeness question, namely the question of whether a GFG automaton with a certain acceptance condition has an equivalent GFG automaton with a weaker acceptance condition on the same structure. Beyond the theoretical interest in studying typeness, its existence implies efficient translations among different acceptance conditions. This practical issue is of special interest in the context of games, where the Büchi and co-Büchi conditions admit memoryless strategies for both players. Typeness is known to hold for deterministic automata and not to hold for general nondeterministic automata. We show that GFG automata enjoy the benefits of typeness, similarly to the case of deterministic automata. In particular, when Rabin or Streett GFG automata have equivalent Büchi or co-Büchi GFG automata, respectively, then such equivalent automata can be defined on a substructure of the original automata. Using our typeness results, we further study the place of GFG automata in between deterministic and nondeterministic ones. Specifically, considering automata complementation, we show that GFG automata lean toward nondeterministic ones, admitting an exponential state blow-up in the complementation of a Streett automaton into a Rabin automaton, as opposed to the constant blow-up in the deterministic case.
Cite as

Udi Boker, Orna Kupferman, and Michal Skrzypczak. How Deterministic are Good-For-Games Automata?. In 37th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2017). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 93, pp. 18:1-18:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)

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@InProceedings{boker_et_al:LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2017.18,
  author =	{Boker, Udi and Kupferman, Orna and Skrzypczak, Michal},
  title =	{{How Deterministic are Good-For-Games Automata?}},
  booktitle =	{37th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2017)},
  pages =	{18:1--18:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-055-2},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2018},
  volume =	{93},
  editor =	{Lokam, Satya and Ramanujam, R.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2017.18},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-83776},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2017.18},
  annote =	{Keywords: finite automata on infinite words, determinism, good-for-games}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2017.56
A Characterisation of Pi^0_2 Regular Tree Languages

Authors: Filippo Cavallari, Henryk Michalewski, and Michal Skrzypczak

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 83, 42nd International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2017)

Abstract
We show an algorithm that for a given regular tree language L decides if L is in Pi^0_2, that is if L belongs to the second level of Borel Hierarchy. Moreover, if L is in Pi^0_2, then we construct a weak alternating automaton of index (0, 2) which recognises L. We also prove that for a given language L, L is recognisable by a weak alternating (1, 3)-automaton if and only if it is recognisable by a weak non-deterministic (1, 3)-automaton.
Cite as

Filippo Cavallari, Henryk Michalewski, and Michal Skrzypczak. A Characterisation of Pi^0_2 Regular Tree Languages. In 42nd International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2017). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 83, pp. 56:1-56:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2017)

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@InProceedings{cavallari_et_al:LIPIcs.MFCS.2017.56,
  author =	{Cavallari, Filippo and Michalewski, Henryk and Skrzypczak, Michal},
  title =	{{A Characterisation of Pi^0\underline2 Regular Tree Languages}},
  booktitle =	{42nd International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2017)},
  pages =	{56:1--56:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-046-0},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2017},
  volume =	{83},
  editor =	{Larsen, Kim G. and Bodlaender, Hans L. and Raskin, Jean-Francois},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2017.56},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-80683},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2017.56},
  annote =	{Keywords: infinite trees, Rabin-Mostowski hierarchy, regular languages}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CSL.2016.36
The Logical Strength of Büchi's Decidability Theorem

Authors: Leszek Aleksander Kolodziejczyk, Henryk Michalewski, Pierre Pradic, and Michal Skrzypczak

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 62, 25th EACSL Annual Conference on Computer Science Logic (CSL 2016)

Abstract
We study the strength of axioms needed to prove various results related to automata on infinite words and Büchi's theorem on the decidability of the MSO theory of (N, less_or_equal). We prove that the following are equivalent over the weak second-order arithmetic theory RCA: 1. Büchi's complementation theorem for nondeterministic automata on infinite words, 2. the decidability of the depth-n fragment of the MSO theory of (N, less_or_equal), for each n greater than 5, 3. the induction scheme for Sigma^0_2 formulae of arithmetic. Moreover, each of (1)-(3) is equivalent to the additive version of Ramsey's Theorem for pairs, often used in proofs of (1); each of (1)-(3) implies McNaughton's determinisation theorem for automata on infinite words; and each of (1)-(3) implies the "bounded-width" version of König's Lemma, often used in proofs of McNaughton's theorem.
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Leszek Aleksander Kolodziejczyk, Henryk Michalewski, Pierre Pradic, and Michal Skrzypczak. The Logical Strength of Büchi's Decidability Theorem. In 25th EACSL Annual Conference on Computer Science Logic (CSL 2016). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 62, pp. 36:1-36:16, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2016)

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@InProceedings{kolodziejczyk_et_al:LIPIcs.CSL.2016.36,
  author =	{Kolodziejczyk, Leszek Aleksander and Michalewski, Henryk and Pradic, Pierre and Skrzypczak, Michal},
  title =	{{The Logical Strength of B\"{u}chi's Decidability Theorem}},
  booktitle =	{25th EACSL Annual Conference on Computer Science Logic (CSL 2016)},
  pages =	{36:1--36:16},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-022-4},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2016},
  volume =	{62},
  editor =	{Talbot, Jean-Marc and Regnier, Laurent},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CSL.2016.36},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-65765},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CSL.2016.36},
  annote =	{Keywords: nondeterministic automata, monadic second-order logic, B\"{u}chi's theorem, additive Ramsey's theorem, reverse mathematics}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2016.99
Deciding the Topological Complexity of Büchi Languages

Authors: Michal Skrzypczak and Igor Walukiewicz

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 55, 43rd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2016)

Abstract
We study the topological complexity of languages of Büchi automata on infinite binary trees. We show that such a language is either Borel and WMSO-definable, or Sigma_1^1-complete and not WMSO-definable; moreover it can be algorithmically decided which of the two cases holds. The proof relies on a direct reduction to deciding the winner in a finite game with a regular winning condition.
Cite as

Michal Skrzypczak and Igor Walukiewicz. Deciding the Topological Complexity of Büchi Languages. In 43rd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2016). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 55, pp. 99:1-99:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2016)

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@InProceedings{skrzypczak_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2016.99,
  author =	{Skrzypczak, Michal and Walukiewicz, Igor},
  title =	{{Deciding the Topological Complexity of B\"{u}chi Languages}},
  booktitle =	{43rd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2016)},
  pages =	{99:1--99:13},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-013-2},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2016},
  volume =	{55},
  editor =	{Chatzigiannakis, Ioannis and Mitzenmacher, Michael and Rabani, Yuval and Sangiorgi, Davide},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2016.99},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-62346},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2016.99},
  annote =	{Keywords: tree automata, non-determinism, Borel sets, topological complexity, decidability}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2016.78
On the Complexity of Branching Games with Regular Conditions

Authors: Marcin Przybylko and Michal Skrzypczak

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 58, 41st International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2016)

Abstract
Infinite duration games with regular conditions are one of the crucial tools in the areas of verification and synthesis. In this paper we consider a branching variant of such games - the game contains branching vertices that split the play into two independent sub-games. Thus, a play has the form of~an~infinite tree. The winner of the play is determined by a winning condition specified as a set of infinite trees. Games of this kind were used by Mio to provide a game semantics for the probabilistic mu-calculus. He used winning conditions defined in terms of parity games on trees. In this work we consider a more general class of winning conditions, namely those definable by finite automata on infinite trees. Our games can be seen as a branching-time variant of the stochastic games on graphs. We address the question of determinacy of a branching game and the problem of computing the optimal game value for each of the players. We consider both the stochastic and non-stochastic variants of the games. The questions under consideration are parametrised by the family of strategies we allow: either mixed, behavioural, or pure. We prove that in general, branching games are not determined under mixed strategies. This holds even for topologically simple winning conditions (differences of two open sets) and non-stochastic arenas. Nevertheless, we show that the games become determined under mixed strategies if we restrict the winning conditions to open sets of trees. We prove that the problem of comparing the game value to a rational threshold is undecidable for branching games with regular conditions in all non-trivial stochastic cases. In the non-stochastic cases we provide exact bounds on the complexity of the problem. The only case left open is the 0-player stochastic case, i.e. the problem of computing the measure of a given regular language of infinite trees.
Cite as

Marcin Przybylko and Michal Skrzypczak. On the Complexity of Branching Games with Regular Conditions. In 41st International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2016). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 58, pp. 78:1-78:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2016)

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@InProceedings{przybylko_et_al:LIPIcs.MFCS.2016.78,
  author =	{Przybylko, Marcin and Skrzypczak, Michal},
  title =	{{On the Complexity of Branching Games with Regular Conditions}},
  booktitle =	{41st International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2016)},
  pages =	{78:1--78:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-016-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2016},
  volume =	{58},
  editor =	{Faliszewski, Piotr and Muscholl, Anca and Niedermeier, Rolf},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2016.78},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-64865},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2016.78},
  annote =	{Keywords: stochastic games, meta-parity games, infinite trees, regular languages, parity automata}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2013.562
Regular languages of thin trees

Authors: Mikolaj Bojanczyk, Tomasz Idziaszek, and Michal Skrzypczak

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 20, 30th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2013)

Abstract
An infinite tree is called thin if it contains only countably many infinite branches. Thin trees can be seen as intermediate structures between infinite words and infinite trees. In this work we investigate properties of regular languages of thin trees. Our main tool is an algebra suitable for thin trees. Using this framework we characterize various classes of regular languages: commutative, open in the standard topology, closed under two variants of bisimulational equivalence, and definable in WMSO logic among all trees. We also show that in various meanings thin trees are not as rich as all infinite trees. In particular we observe a parity index collapse to level (1,3) and a topological complexity collapse to co-analytic sets. Moreover, a gap property is shown: a regular language of thin trees is either WMSO-definable among all trees or co-analytic-complete.
Cite as

Mikolaj Bojanczyk, Tomasz Idziaszek, and Michal Skrzypczak. Regular languages of thin trees. In 30th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2013). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 20, pp. 562-573, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2013)

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@InProceedings{bojanczyk_et_al:LIPIcs.STACS.2013.562,
  author =	{Bojanczyk, Mikolaj and Idziaszek, Tomasz and Skrzypczak, Michal},
  title =	{{Regular languages of thin trees}},
  booktitle =	{30th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2013)},
  pages =	{562--573},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-50-7},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2013},
  volume =	{20},
  editor =	{Portier, Natacha and Wilke, Thomas},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2013.562},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-39655},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2013.562},
  annote =	{Keywords: infinite trees, regular languages, effective characterizations, topological complexity}
}
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